`mcX¯n\mbn \nthZn¡s¸«hÄ
kzman hnthIm\µ³ A\h[n ]m ÝmXycpsS Bcm[\m]m{Xambn am dn. amÀKcäv Fenk_¯vt\m_nÄ F¶ sFdnjv h\nX kzmanPnbpsS injybmbn. ChcmWv ]n¡me¯v `Kn\n\nthZnX F¶ t]cp kzoIcn ¨Xv.
kzmanPnbpsS alXzw a \Ênem¡nb amÀKcäv tkh\¯n\pthnbp Å kzmanPnbpsS Blzm \w kzoIcn¨p. Hcp Znh kw kzmanPn amÀKcänt\mSp ]dªp:
""`mcX¯nse kv{XoIÄ ¡pthn Rm³ X¿mdm¡p¶ ]²XnIfn kPohamb Hcp ]¦v hln¡m ³ \n§Ä¡p Ignbpsa ¶v Rm³ hnizkn¡p ¶p.
Cu A`n{]mbw kzoIcn ¨v amÀKcäv `mcX¯nte bv¡p ]pds¸«p. 1898 P\phcnbn I ¡«bn I¸end§n. `mcX¯nse P\e£§fpsS CSbn kzmanPnbpsS BZÀi§Ä {]Ncn¸n¨p. `mcX¯n A t§mfant§mfw k©cn¨p. lnµpaX{KÙ§Ä ]Tn¨p te J\§Ä FgpXn. {]kwK§Ä sN bvXp P\§sf {]_p²cm¡n.
kzman hnthIm\µ³ AhÀ¡v \n thZnXþ\nthZn¡s¸«hÄþF¶ t] cp \ÂIn injybmbn kzoIcn¨p.
s]¬Ip«nIÄ¡pÅ Hcp hnZymeb amWv AhÀ BZyw XpS§nbXv. ]p kvXI§Ä FgpXn hnäv AXn\pÅ [\w tiJcn¨p. kv{XoIÄ hnZym`ym kw t\Sn Adnhp hÀ²n¸n¨v ]pXnb PohnXw \bn¡m³ AhÀ Blzm\w sNbvXp. kv{XoIfpsS D¶a\¯n IqSn am{Xsa `mcX¯n\p ]ptcmKXn DmIq F¶hÀ hnizkn¨p.
A¡me¯v I¡«m\Kc¯n t¹Kv _m[n¨p. kzman hnthIm\µ³ k\ymknamsc DÄs¸Sp¯n Hcp tk hmkwLw cq]oIcn¨p. kzmanPnbpw kwLmwK§fpw t¹Kv _m[nXÀ¡v Bizmkw \ÂIms\¯n. kwL¯n sâ NpaXe `Kn\n \nthZnXsb G ¸n¨p. AhÀ Hcp aSnbpw IqSmsX tcm K_m[nXsc ip{iqjn¨p. GXp tPm enbpw sN¿m³ AhÀ¡p aSnbpmbncp¶nÃ. NqseSp¯v CShgn hsc AhÀ kzbw ASn¨p hr¯nbm¡nbncp¶p.
1867 HIvtSm_À 28þmw XobXnbmWv `Kn\n \nthZnX P\n¨Xv. 1911 HIvtSm_À 13þmw XobXn AhÀ temIt¯m Sp bm{X ]dªp. DXvIrjvSamb tk h\PohnXamWv AhÀ \bn¨Xv.
Fgp¯Ñ³ ]pckvImcw
aebmf kmlnXyt¯bpw `mj tbbpw t]mjn¸n¡p¶ cN\IÄ \S¯p¶ kmlnXyImc·mÀ¡v tIcfKh¬saâv \ÂIp¶ Gä hpw D¶Xamb ]pckvImcamWv Fgp¯¨³ ]pckvImcw. H¶ce£w cq]bpw inÂ]hpw {]ikvXn]{Xhpw AS§p¶XmWv Cu ]pckvImcw. Cu hÀjs¯ Fgp¯Ñ³ ]pckvImcw e`n¨ncn¡p¶ Xv aebmfnIfpsS {]nbs¸« Fgp¯pImc³ {io. Fw.Sn. hmkptZh³ \mbÀ¡mWv. ae_mdnse s]m¶m\n Xmeq¡nÂs¸« IqSÃqÀ F¶ {Kma¯n P\n¨ Fw.Sn. aebmfkmlnXy¯nse H«pan¡ taJeIfnepw XtâXmb hy ànap{Z ]Xn¸n¨ A]qÀÆ hyànXz¯n\pSabmWv. amXr`qan BgvN¸Xn¸n kl]{Xm[n]À, tIcfkmlnXy A¡mZan {]knUâv F ¶o \neIfn tkh\a\pjvTn¨ Ct±lw tI{µ Kh¬saâv ^nenw sk³kÀ t_mÀUv, \mjW ^n enw BÀss¡hvkv, ^nenw C³Ìnäyq«v Hm^v C´ym, tI{µkmlnXyA¡mZan XpS§nb Øm]\§fn U bdIvSdmbpw AwKambpw tkh\a\pjvTn¨n«pv. Xp©³ kvamcI{SÌv sNbÀam\mWv. Úm\]oT]pckvImcw, hbemÀ AhmÀUv, kmlnXyA¡mZan ]pckvImc§Ä, HmS¡pg AhmÀUv XpS§n \nch[n _lpaXnIÄ Cu Fgp¯pImcs\ tXSnsb¯nbn«pv.
CXphsc Fgp¯Ñ³]pckvImcw e`n¨hÀ ChcmWv
1933 þ iqc\mSv Ipª³]nÅ
1994 þ XIgn inhi¦c¸nÅ
1995 þ _emaWn A½
1996 þ tUm. sI.Fw. tPmÀÖv
1997 þ s]m³Ip¶w hÀ¡n
1998 þ Fw.]n. A¸³
1999 þ sI.]n. \mcmbW]njmcSn
2000 þ ]mem \mcmbW³\mbÀ
2001 þ H.hn. hnPb³
2002 þ Iae kpc¿
2003 þ Sn. ]Zva\m`³
2004 þ kpIpamÀ Agot¡mSv
2005 þ Fkv. Kp]vX³\mbÀ
2006 þ tImhne³
2007 þ H.F³.hn. Ipdp¸v
2008 þ A¡n¯w
ANypX³ \¼qXncn
2009 þ kpKXIpamcn
2010 þ tUm. Fw. eoemhXn.
kzman hnthIm\µ³ A\h[n ]m ÝmXycpsS Bcm[\m]m{Xambn am dn. amÀKcäv Fenk_¯vt\m_nÄ F¶ sFdnjv h\nX kzmanPnbpsS injybmbn. ChcmWv ]n¡me¯v `Kn\n\nthZnX F¶ t]cp kzoIcn ¨Xv. kzmanPnbpsS alXzw a \Ênem¡nb amÀKcäv tkh\¯n\pthnbp Å kzmanPnbpsS Blzm \w kzoIcn¨p. Hcp Znh kw kzmanPn amÀKcänt\mSp ]dªp:
""`mcX¯nse kv{XoIÄ ¡pthn Rm³ X¿mdm¡p¶ ]²XnIfn kPohamb Hcp ]¦v hln¡m ³ \n§Ä¡p Ignbpsa ¶v Rm³ hnizkn¡p ¶p.
Cu A`n{]mbw kzoIcn ¨v amÀKcäv `mcX¯nte bv¡p ]pds¸«p. 1898 P\phcnbn I ¡«bn I¸end§n. `mcX¯nse P\e£§fpsS CSbn kzmanPnbpsS BZÀi§Ä {]Ncn¸n¨p. `mcX¯n A t§mfant§mfw k©cn¨p. lnµpaX{KÙ§Ä ]Tn¨p te J\§Ä FgpXn. {]kwK§Ä sN bvXp P\§sf {]_p²cm¡n.
kzman hnthIm\µ³ AhÀ¡v \n thZnXþ\nthZn¡s¸«hÄþF¶ t] cp \ÂIn injybmbn kzoIcn¨p.
s]¬Ip«nIÄ¡pÅ Hcp hnZymeb amWv AhÀ BZyw XpS§nbXv. ]p kvXI§Ä FgpXn hnäv AXn\pÅ [\w tiJcn¨p. kv{XoIÄ hnZym`ym kw t\Sn Adnhp hÀ²n¸n¨v ]pXnb PohnXw \bn¡m³ AhÀ Blzm\w sNbvXp. kv{XoIfpsS D¶a\¯n IqSn am{Xsa `mcX¯n\p ]ptcmKXn DmIq F¶hÀ hnizkn¨p.
A¡me¯v I¡«m\Kc¯n t¹Kv _m[n¨p. kzman hnthIm\µ³ k\ymknamsc DÄs¸Sp¯n Hcp tk hmkwLw cq]oIcn¨p. kzmanPnbpw kwLmwK§fpw t¹Kv _m[nXÀ¡v Bizmkw \ÂIms\¯n. kwL¯n sâ NpaXe `Kn\n \nthZnXsb G ¸n¨p. AhÀ Hcp aSnbpw IqSmsX tcm K_m[nXsc ip{iqjn¨p. GXp tPm enbpw sN¿m³ AhÀ¡p aSnbpmbncp¶nÃ. NqseSp¯v CShgn hsc AhÀ kzbw ASn¨p hr¯nbm¡nbncp¶p.
1867 HIvtSm_À 28þmw XobXnbmWv `Kn\n \nthZnX P\n¨Xv. 1911 HIvtSm_À 13þmw XobXn AhÀ temIt¯m Sp bm{X ]dªp. DXvIrjvSamb tk h\PohnXamWv AhÀ \bn¨Xv.
Fgp¯Ñ³ ]pckvImcw
aebmf kmlnXyt¯bpw `mj tbbpw t]mjn¸n¡p¶ cN\IÄ \S¯p¶ kmlnXyImc·mÀ¡v tIcfKh¬saâv \ÂIp¶ Gä hpw D¶Xamb ]pckvImcamWv Fgp¯¨³ ]pckvImcw. H¶ce£w cq]bpw inÂ]hpw {]ikvXn]{Xhpw AS§p¶XmWv Cu ]pckvImcw. Cu hÀjs¯ Fgp¯Ñ³ ]pckvImcw e`n¨ncn¡p¶ Xv aebmfnIfpsS {]nbs¸« Fgp¯pImc³ {io. Fw.Sn. hmkptZh³ \mbÀ¡mWv. ae_mdnse s]m¶m\n Xmeq¡nÂs¸« IqSÃqÀ F¶ {Kma¯n P\n¨ Fw.Sn. aebmfkmlnXy¯nse H«pan¡ taJeIfnepw XtâXmb hy ànap{Z ]Xn¸n¨ A]qÀÆ hyànXz¯n\pSabmWv. amXr`qan BgvN¸Xn¸n kl]{Xm[n]À, tIcfkmlnXy A¡mZan {]knUâv F ¶o \neIfn tkh\a\pjvTn¨ Ct±lw tI{µ Kh¬saâv ^nenw sk³kÀ t_mÀUv, \mjW ^n enw BÀss¡hvkv, ^nenw C³Ìnäyq«v Hm^v C´ym, tI{µkmlnXyA¡mZan XpS§nb Øm]\§fn U bdIvSdmbpw AwKambpw tkh\a\pjvTn¨n«pv. Xp©³ kvamcI{SÌv sNbÀam\mWv. Úm\]oT]pckvImcw, hbemÀ AhmÀUv, kmlnXyA¡mZan ]pckvImc§Ä, HmS¡pg AhmÀUv XpS§n \nch[n _lpaXnIÄ Cu Fgp¯pImcs\ tXSnsb¯nbn«pv.
CXphsc Fgp¯Ñ³]pckvImcw e`n¨hÀ ChcmWv
1933 þ iqc\mSv Ipª³]nÅ
1994 þ XIgn inhi¦c¸nÅ
1995 þ _emaWn A½
1996 þ tUm. sI.Fw. tPmÀÖv
1997 þ s]m³Ip¶w hÀ¡n
1998 þ Fw.]n. A¸³
1999 þ sI.]n. \mcmbW]njmcSn
2000 þ ]mem \mcmbW³\mbÀ
2001 þ H.hn. hnPb³
2002 þ Iae kpc¿
2003 þ Sn. ]Zva\m`³
2004 þ kpIpamÀ Agot¡mSv
2005 þ Fkv. Kp]vX³\mbÀ
2006 þ tImhne³
2007 þ H.F³.hn. Ipdp¸v
2008 þ A¡n¯w
ANypX³ \¼qXncn
2009 þ kpKXIpamcn
2010 þ tUm. Fw. eoemhXn.
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